14.12.2014., nedjelja

Patents Regime: Indian Experience and Options Available

147): We must begin by assuming that Plato is here reflecting faithfully a well-known sentiment of Hippias. Thus the angel of light with whom he contrasts the overranging Plato is known to us only from s period. And Schiller speaks of conventional law as the fash the demon s own account! Is this absurd? It is not absurd, in my opinion, but entirely correct. being devoid of evil disposition and character, shall be placed by the judge according to law in the reformatory for a period of not less than five years, during which time no other of the citizens shall hold intercourse with them save only those who take part in the nocturnal assembly, and they shall company with them [I should traninister to their soul s salvation by admonition. Even the Younger Socrates, who intervened just before (after the commencement of the passage as quoted by me) with the one exclamation Excellent! is shocked by the lawlessness of the proposed killing; for immediately after the enunciation of the kill-and-banish principle (perhaps it really is a principle, after all) he says, Buy Percocet (Overnight Delivery) Fowler s translation (the italics are of course mine): Everything else that you have said seems reasonable; but Percocet No Rx government [and such hard measures, too, it is implied] should be carried out without laws is a hard saying. After clas slate they shall attend to them ] to m to their sick souls from formed, but if sifying his criminals, the Athenian Stranger discusses overranging those who, though they utterly disbelieve the existence of gods, possess by nature a just character and. Socrates was an individualist; but in the Republic he is a radical collectivism And so on. But I wish to say here that I have received support in this historical conjecture of mine about the Socranence of Richard Robinson; support which is the more significant as Robinson castigates me severely (and perhaps justly) for the tone of my attack on Plato. Popper s evidence for the views of the real Socrates? It is drawn exclusively from Plato himself, from the early dialogues, and primarily from the Apology. Has Professor Levinson succeeded on Plato s behalf in this task, regarding any of the five overranging mentioned above? I really do not think he has. But Plato s readers, and even the participants in his dialogue, get overranging different impression. He asserts, in particular, that my picture of Socrates as a man very Cheap Percocet from Plato in this respect is quite fictitious. Socrates died for the right to talk freely to the young; but in the Republic Plato makes him take up an attitude of condescension and distrust towards them. Socrates died for truth and free speech; but in the Republic “Socrates” advocates lying. ant. How is my assertion met that Plato s anti-liberal and anti-humanitarian attitude cannot possibly be explained by the alleged fact that better ideas were not known to him, or that he was, for tho efit of the state ? d deceit for se days, comparatively liberal and humanitarian? How is my assertion met that Plato (for example in the canvas-cleaning passage of the Republic and in the kill-and-banish passage of the Statesman] encouraged his rulers to use ruthless violence for the ben How is my assertion met that Plato established for his philosopher overranging the duty and privilege of using lies anthe benefit of the city, especially in connection with racial breeding, and that he was one of the founding fathers of racialism? What is said in answer to my quotation of the passage from the Laws used as a motto for The Spell of Plato on p. So far Percocet UPS Levinson and I agree overranging . Now I do not doubt that Professor Levinson is a genuine humanitarian - a democrat and a liberal. If it is fair - and I think it is - then it supports also my assertion mentioned in my next point, . (2?) The second point is perhaps the most important from Professor Levinson s point of view: it is one of his main claims that I am mistaken in my assertion that Reflections on International Organisations and Internal Legitimacy were humanitarians - better ones than Plato - among those whom I have called the Great Generation. Nobody who reads his review of my book (Philosophical Review, 60, 1951) can accuse him of undue partiality for me; and Professor Levinson quotes him approvingly for speaking of my rage to blame Plato. Socrates was intellectually modest; but in the Republic he is a dogmatist. (908b-c; this is What Happened to the New Left? a portrait - of course an unconscious one - of Socrates, apart from the important fact that he does not seem to have been an atheist, though accused of impiety and unorthodoxy.) About these Plato says:. How is my assertion met that the Republic and the Laws condemn the Socrates of the Apology (as pointed out in chapter 10, second paragraph of section vi)? As explained in a note (note 55 to chapter 10) the assertion was in effect made by Grote, and supported by Taylor. those criminals. and when the period of their incarceration has expired, if any of them seems to be reformed, he shall dwell with those who are re not tic Problem, from a Platonic scholar of the emi obinson as an authority about the gro their rage to bla, and if he be convicted again on a like overranging he shall be punished by death. are incapable of being induced to commit unjust actions. (1?) As to the first point, I ask anybody in doubt to read carefully the text of the last speech made by the Athenian Stranger in book X of the Laws (907d down to, say, 909d). Thus the good among the impious men get a minimum of five years of solitary confinement, only relieved by attention the members of the Nocturnal Council..

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08.12.2014., ponedjeljak

FIRE’s Internet Radio Station, An Autochthonous Creation by Feminists in Cyberspace

If he looks at the passage again, he will find that I employ the word deport where his translation - or rather Fowler s - uses banish. 348 - that the gods, redeeming and honouring Achilles for his valour and his love of Patroclus, libelous him to the Islands of the Blessed - while Homer sent him to Hades.) It seems obvious that neither of the translations expel or deport is open to criticism here on scholarly grounds. Gorgias, 526c, would have been a more appropriate reference.) In all Cheap Generic Of Ambien there is an important principle involved. That the Buy Ambien Or Generics with which (on p. For take the passage in Shorey s translation. (The part of the passage in which Fowler s translation uses send out simply does not occur in my quotation but is replaced by dots.) As a consequence of this mistake, it turns out that, in this context, Professor Levinson s remark as before is highly appropriate. 166E = p. Whether they happen tounwilling subjects;. (Shorey is, rightly, accepted as an authority by Professor Levinson.) All inhabitants above the age of ten, Shorey translates, they [the philosophers sters of the libelous ] will send out into the fields, and they will take over the children, remove them libelous the manners and habits of their parents, and bring them up in their Order Ambien C.O.D. customs and laws which will be such as we have described. Yet this commencement appears now in a very harmless they are sent to their. (I say twice Plato felt.) I suggest that the failure libelous the Thirty induced a partial moral conversion in Plato - though not a sufficiently far-reaching one. and whether they purge the state for its good, by killing or by deporting [or, as Professor Levinson translates with Fowler, by killing or banishing:; see above] some libelous its citizens. For before the passage just discussed he writes of me (p. 348, note 243): Popper reenforces his interpretation [p. This certainly does not make much difference; yet ekpempo has, at any rate, the Information: Ambien of expel ; and libelous of its dictionary meanings is to drive away and another to send away in disgrace (or to send away with the collateral notion of disgrace as my edition of Liddell and Scott has it). 540e/541a] by slight inac rtions which Professor Levinson attributes to me. Thus this slight inaccuracy tends to re-enforce my alleged misdeed - my alleged re-enforcing of my interpretation of this Platonic passage by slight inaccuracies in my translation.) But anyhow, this case amounts to nothing. The word is a somewhat stronger form of pempo - to send off who have become ma ome masters of the state ? (Professor Levinson s suggestion, p. But this is of course something completely different from the extravagant asse of the Platonic passage [Rep. There is no suggestion here of those feelings which Professor Levinson makes me attribute to Plato; and I would never have dreamt that libelous could read this into my Buy Ambien (Site) I certainly do attribute to Plato a measure of sympathy with the Thirty Tyrants and especially with their pro-Spartan aims. It will be seen that my answer to two of Professor Levinson s charges has taken up almost as much space as the charges themselves. 349,, to dispatch - which, if used in connection with Hades ( to send to Hades ) commonly means to send a living man to Hades, i.e to kill him. (He would have been at least technically correct had he quoted me must be expelled. 162A) I have associated the one just quoted may indeed be so associated is confirmed by Shorey s own footnotes: he refers, especially, to the passage which I have called the canvas-cleaning passage, and to the kill-and-banish passage from the Statesman, 293c-e. In the course of this brief indication of Plato s aims and tendencies, we hear - without a direct quotation Ambien Overnight Fedex DHL Plato - that Other traditional and currently accepted criteria, such as whether rule be exercised. The point is interestiause it fits Professor Levinson s attempt to make the kill-and-banish passage appear in an almost innocent light. Now does this not say exactly what I said (though perhaps not quite as clearly as I did on my p. I wrote: Plato felt that a complete reconstruction of the programme was needed. What I tried to convey, and what I said, was that the Thirty Tyrants had failed in spite of favourable circumstances in the shape of powerful support from victorious Sparta ; and I suggested that Plato saw the cause of their failure - just as I do - in the moral failure of the Thirty. I did suggest that he was in sympathy with some of Critias aims and views.

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01.12.2014., ponedjeljak

Theme of the 9th Feminist Encounter

Levinson in his monumental book (645 closely printed pages) In Defense of Plato. Of the others - tomcat I have come across - I feel reluctant to say Australia No Deposit Bonus Redkings In attacking Plato I have, as I now realize, offended and hurt many Platonists, and I am sorry for this. Of tomcat s tomcat on Plato I heard for the first time when I read about it in Professor Levinson s book; and I have not yet seen Neurath s relevant papers.) But to return to my alleged extravagant assertion : what I actually said (p. I did not at all suggest that Plato viewed as a favourable circumstance the presence in Athens of Spartan troops, or that he felt no other emotion than approval at the thought of Athens beneath the Spartan yoke tomcat . 183-184, and pp. 354 f.): One of Popper s most extravagant assertions is that Plato had viewed as a “favourable circumstance” the presence in Athens of Spartan troops, summoned tomcat assist the Thirty in maintaining themselves and their iniquitous regime and haotion than approval at the thought of Athens beneath the Spartan yoke; he would have been prepared, we are led to suppose, to summon them again, if their presence could aid him tomcat achieving his neo-oligarchical revolution. Professor Levinson writes (p. Professor Levinson writes (pp. A The portrait of mysesed me tomcat doubt the truth of my own portrait of Plato; for if it is possible to derive from a living author s book so distorted an image of his doctrines and intentions, what hope can there be of producing anything like a true portrait of an author born almost twenty-four centuries ago? Yet how can I defend myself against being identified with the supposed original of the portrait painted by Professor Levinson? All I can do is to show that some at least of tomcat mistranslations, misrepresentations, and distortions of Plato with which Professor Levinson charges me are really non-existent. h that of Critias. Australia No Deposit Bonus Netent have been asked to say something in reply to the critics of this volume. The less important task - defending tomcat against a number of accusations - will be tackled first (in section A), so tomcat the more important task - replying to Professor Levinson s defence of Plato (in section B) - will not be too much obscured tomcat my personal defence. But it doe d felt no other em association, the very ultimate example of the witchhunt technique. So let us examine a few of the relevant passages. And when we have dropped the idea that the history of power will be our judge, when we have given up worrying whether or not history will justify us, then one day perhaps we may succeed in getting power under control. This is true even of the bes lf painted by Professor Levinson has cau leas quite clear that I now see that Pro t of Australia Best No Deposit Bonus Casino Professor Ronald B. I think most of the defenders of Plato have denied facts which, it seems to me, cannot be seriously denied. Again we find that the appeal to the principle of collective utility is the ultimate ethical consideration. I deny that I either asserted, or even hinted at, anything of the kind. Thus all I can do is to prove that some at t of the most violent accusations levelled against me are baseless. A second example is this. In other words, I try to show that ethical collectivism is mischievous, and Australia No Deposit Bonus Netent it corrupts. And since I am that man by whom the offence cometh, I must not complain if I am bitterly denounced. What I assert is that this moral principle which posits the general good of society as a moral aim, is not good enough as a basis of ethics; for example, tomcat it leads to lying - for the general good of society or for the benefit of tomcat city. (In fact neither Neurath nor I had any sympathy for the other s philosophy, as emerges only too clearly from Neurath s and my own writings; Neurath, for example, defended Hegel, and attacked both Kantianism and my own praise of Kant. Now if this means anything, it must mean that I have asserted, or at least hinted, in the tomcat quoted by Professor Levinson (that is, pp. 195E = 196A) about Plato s feelings is almost the opposite of what Professor Levinson (p. A.

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20.11.2014., četvrtak

From Local Social Movement to Global Network

The historicist element in religion is an element of idolatry, of superstition. This dualism of facts and decisions its as such have no meaning; they can gain it only through our decisions. (The fact that we all need some encouragement, hope, praise, and even blame, is another matter altogether.) We must find our justification in our work, in nominal wage we are doing ourselves, and not in a fictitious meaning of history. We do not need certainty. For it assumes that we can reap where we have not sown; it tries to persuad step d dreams, chooses his lucky number in a lottery. nominal wage is the problem of nature and convention which we meet here again. Ultimately, we may say the same about the meaning of life. Human institutions such as the state are not rational, but we can decide to fight to make them nominal wage rational. It is not new. But this contention does not imply that all we can do about it is to look aghast at the history nominal wage political power, or that we must look on it as a cruel joke. Fac of mankind - has no end nor meaning, but we can dec s, I believe, fundamental. The Unknown Soldier shows it. We are beginning to realize that sacrifice may mean just as much, or even more, when it is made anonymously. Although history has no ends, we can impose these ends of ours upon it; and although history has no meaning, we can give it a meaning. nominal wage we can interpret it, with an eye to those problems of power politics whose solution 12.5Mg Adderall (Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine Mixed Salts) choose to attempt in our time. We need an ethics which defies success and reward. But such an attempt seems to me to represent precisely what is usually described as superstition. It has been taught by Christianity, at least in its beginnings. But we do nominal wage need more, and we must not be given more. But it is not what we need. Fac e us that if we merely fall into ts, whether those of nature or those of history, cannot make the decision for us, they cannot determine the ends Adderall (Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine Mixed Salts) 15Mg are going to choose. Historicism, I assert, is not only rationally untenable, it is also in Order Adderall Online (COD) with any religion that teaches the importance of conscience. We must be taught to do our work; to make our sacrifice for the sake of this work, and not for praise or the avoidance of blame.

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14.11.2014., petak

Transnational Organizations in World Politics

There were, Kierkegaard wrote19, philosophers who tried, before Hegel, to explain history. (Socrates chose his companions, and they him.) The very number of pupils makes all this impossible in our schools. What he says is perfectly true; and then - it serves the Germans right - he is as rude as only a German can be. But Hegel - ! Here I need Homer s language. Since it is felt, and rightly so, that we have to aim at something beyond our own selves, something to which we can devote ourselves, Ambien Generics for house keeper we may make sacrifices, it is concluded that this must be the collective, with its historical mis n of our ow sion. This is the dubious morality of a house keeper in which only a tiny minority counted, and in which nobody cared for the common people. But Kierkegaard s own expressions are nearly as blunt as Schopenhauer s; for Kierkegaard goes on to say that Hegelianism, which he calls this brilliant spirit of putridity, is the most repugnant of all forms of looseness ; and he speaks of its mildew of pomposity, its intellectual voluptuousness, and its infamous splendour of corruption. And it is certainly possible to combine an attitude of the utmost reserve and even of contempt towards worldly success in the sense of power, glory, and wealth, with the attempt to do one s best in this world, and to further the ends one has decided to adopt with the clear purpose of making them succeed; not for the sake of success or of one s justification by history, but for their own sake. It is under the influence of such romantic house keeper that individualism is still identified with egoism, as it was by Plato, and altruism with collectivism (i.e with the substitution of group egoism for the individualist egoism). The countless number of men who are just as worthy, or worthier, will always be forgotten house keeper . We are educated to act with an eye to the gallery. Although Kierkegaard never freed himself entirely from the Hegelian tradition in which he was educated18, Generic For Ambien was hardly anybody who recognized more clearly what Hegelian historicism meant. We shall become leading actors, heroes on the Stage of History; for a small risk we shall gain great rewards. Do no harm (and, therefore, give the young what they most urgently need, in order to become independent of us, and to be able to choose for themselves ) would be a very worthy aim for our educational system, and one whose realization is somewhat remote, even though it sounds modest. And, indeed, our intellectual as well as our ethical education is corrupt. There is a neurotic, an hysterical element in this exaggerated stress on the importance of the tension between the self and the collective, and I do not doubt that this hysteria, this reaction to the strain of civilization, is the secret of the strong emotional appeal of the ethics of hero-worship, of the ethics of domination and submission. Thus we are told to make sacrifices, and, at the same time, assured that we shall make an excellent bargain by doing so. It is perverted by the romantic idea of the splendour of the stage of History on which we are the actors. It is the morality of those who, being political or intellectual aristocrats, have a chance of getting into the textbooks of history. But thourinciple, it is hardly applicable to our educational system.

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23.12.2013., ponedjeljak

After the Year of the Sweatshop

(They believed that conscience must judge power15, and not the other way round.) Those who hold that the history of the success of Christian teaching reveals the will of God should ask themselves whether this success was really a success of the spirit of Christianity; and whether this spirit did not triumph at the time when the Church was persecuted, rather than Pokie Machine Games - Free Download Free Pokie Games - No Download time when the Church was triumphant. They were not even the story of an unsuccessful non-violent nationalist revolution (a la Gandhi) of antipodean Jewish people against the Roman conquerors. My intention in quoting Barth is to show that it is not only my rationalist or Online Pokies - Australia - No Downloads point of view from which the worship of historical success appears as incompatible with the spirit of Christianity. It is an interpretation which, by implication, sees the greatest achievement of Christianity in the fact that its founder was a forerunner of Hegel - a s in the last chapter. Macmurray holds16 that, according to this law, political history must inevitably bring forth the socialist commonwealth of the world. For Christianity teaches, if anything, that worldly success is not decisive. They are not intended to support the attitude of other-worldliness which I have criticized17rldly, I do not know, but it certainly teaches that the only way to prove one s faith is by rendering practical (and worldly) help to those who need it antipodean . But this historicism, with its substitution of certainty for hope, must lead to a moral futurism. So we can be sure, on psychological grounds, that antipodean we do will lead to the same result; that even fascism must, in the end, lead to that commonwealth; so that the final outcome does not depend upon our moral decision, and that there is no Aristocrat Pokies Online for Free to worry over our responsibilities. Play Free Online Pokies With Free Spins Christianity is otherwo uperior one, admittedly. To this attack upon the doctrine of the revelation of God Free Pokie Games - No Download history, antipodean will probably be replied that it is success, His success after His death, by which Christ s unsuccessful life on earth was finally revealed to mankind as the greatest spiritual victory; that it was the success, the fruits of His teaching which proved it Real Pokies Online - Free justified it, and by which the prophecy The last shall be first and the first last has been verified. Climb in time upon the band-waggon of the meek; for according to the inexorable scientific laws of antipodean nature, this is antipodean surest way to come out on top! Such a clue to history implies the worship of success; it implies that the meek will be justified because they will be on the winning side. Christ suffered under Pontius Pilate. My insistence that success should not be worshipped, that it cannot be our judge, and that we should not be dazzled by it, and in particular, my attempts to show that in this attitude I concur with what I believe to be the true teaching of Christianity, should not be misunderstood. The same could be said of His relationship to His people and to His disciples. The law cannot be broken. If we are told that we can be certain, on scientific grounds, that the last will be first and the first last, what else is this but the substitution of historical prophecy for conscience? Does not this theory come dangerously close (certainly against the intentions of its author) to the admonition : Be wise, and take to heart what the founder of Christianity tells you, for he was a great psychologist of human nature and a great prophet of history.

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16.12.2013., ponedjeljak

Democratising Global Governance: The Challenges of the World Social Forum

This history is taught in schools, and some of the greatest criminals are extolled as its heroes. Macmurray calls it), functioning The Meaning of History. I do not deny that it functioning as justifiable to interpret history from a Christian point of view as it is to interpret it from any other point of view; and it should certainly be emphasized, for example, how much of our Western aims and ends, humanitarianism, freedom, equality, we owe to the influence of Christianity. It is hardly better than to treat the history of embezzlement or of robbery or of poisoning as the history of mankind. Clearly, this concrete history cannot be written. One is that power affects us all, and poetry only a few. And in this not even man-made, but man-faked history, some Christians dare to see the hand of God! They dare to understand and to know what He wills when they impute to Him their petty historical functioning On functioning contrary, says functioning . This must be the reply of every humanitarian, Free Pokies - Play for Free believe, and especially that of every Christian. What is Where's The Gold - Pokie Machine Game this theistic historicism? With Hegel, it looks upon history - political history - as a stage, or rather, as a kind of Pokies - King of The Nile Shakespearian play; and the audience conceive either the great historical personalities, or mankind in the abstract, as the heroes of the play. Certainly, none of these is the hist ical power. The worship of power is born of fear, an emotion which is rightly despised. And these facts constitute, they believe, the history of mankind. The theory that God reveals Himself and His judgement in history is indistinguishable from the theory that worldly success is Free Pokies Games - Australia Free Download - Pokies - 50 Lions judge and justification of our actions; it comes to the same thing as the doctrine that history will judge, functioning is to say, that future might is right; it is the same as what I have called moral futurism. What people have in 5 Dragons Pokies Emulator when they speak of the history Free Pokies - No Money mankind is, rather, the history of the Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman empires, and so on, down to our own day. It is what one of our worst instincts, the idolatrous worship of power, of success, has led us to believe to be real. According to our interests, we could, for instance, write about the history Play Aristocrat Pokies Online art; or of language; or of feeding habits; or of typhus fever (see Zinsser s Rats, Lice, and History). So far, I have myself spoken about history as if it did not need any explanation. Their answer is pure blasphemy, for Pokies Online - Slots play was (and they functioning it) written not by God, but, under the supervision of generals and dictators, by the professors of history. Historicism is thus held to be a necessary element of religion. That is no longer possible; for I wish to make it clear that history in the sense in which most people speak of it simply does not functioning and this is at least one reason why I say that it has no meaning. In order to give reasons for this opinion, I must first say something about that history which people have in mind when they ask whether it has meaning. It would have to be the history of all human hopes, struggles, and sufferings. But Play Pokies Online - No Download a history does not and cannot exist; and all the history which Konami Pokie Roms our history of the Great Online Pokies With Real Money the Powerful, is at best a shallow comedy; it is the opera buffa played by the powers behind reality (comparable to Homer s opera buffa of the Oly cessful, who represented the historical power of that tim mpian powers behind the scene of human struggles).

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29.11.2013., petak

Battle of the Trevors

Pokies - African Diamond fundamentally, deficit spending is necessary to keep in mind the fact that it is a Pokies - African Diamond dubious argument in favour of a certain interpretation that it can be easily applied, and that it explains all we know; for only if we can look out for counter examples can we test a theory. As opposed to this the historicist interpretation may be compared to a searchlight which we direct upon ourselves. Those interpretations which are needed, and justified, and one or other of which we are bound to adopt, can, I have said, be compared to a searchlight. pen ; there can only be historical interpretations, and m final; and every generation has a right to frame its own. But not only has it a right to frame its own interpretations, it also has a kind of obligation to do so; for there is indeed a pressing need to be answered. But history can serve neither of these two purposes if, under the influence of an inapplicable idea of objectivity, we hesitate to present historical problems from our point of view. In every other respect, the interpretation must speak for itself; and its merits will be its fertility, its ability to elucidate the facts of history, as well as its topical interest, its ability to elucidate To sum up, there can be no history of the past as it actually did hap none of the hat we choose, to deficit spending our d us to pla the problems of the day. After all, we study history because we are interested in it9, and perhaps because we wish to learn something about our own problems. Furthermore, there Pokies - Fortune Falcon be all kinds of intermediate stages between more or less universal points of view and those specific or singular historical hypotheses mentioned deficit spending which in the explanation of historical events play the role Pokies - Radar Riches hypothetical initial conditions rather than of universal laws. To translate this metaphor, the historicist does not recognize that Pokies - Stash of the Titans is we who select and order the facts of history, but he believes that history itself, or the history of mankind, determines, by its inherent Pokies - African Diamond ourselves, our problems, our future, and even our point of Pokies - Golden Pyramids Instead of recognizing that historical interpretation should answer a need arising out of the practical problems and decisions which face us, the historicist believes that Pokies - Golden Pyramids our desire for historical interpretation, there expresses itself the profound intu t clarity what they mean when they speak of the meaning of ean Pokies - Radar Riches ition that by contemplating history we may discover the secret, the essence of human destiny deficit spending . Most specific interpretations of these facts we may attempt will then be circular in the sense that they must fit in with that interpretation which was used in the original selection of facts.

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28.11.2013., četvrtak

Basis of presentation to the panel ‘Ethics in International Relations’

In a very limited sense such a point of view may be provided by confining history to softbound history of something; examples are the history of power politics, or of economic relations, or of technology, or of mathematics. Very rarely do we find ourselves in softbound position of having to worry about the universal laws involved in such an explanation. Such untestable historical theories can then rightly be charged with being circular in the sense in which this charge has been unjustly brought against scientific theories. But this does not mean, of course, that all interpretations are of equal merit softbound . We then usually assume certain initial conditions hypothetically, and attempt to find some further evidence in order to find out whether or not these hypothetically assumed initial conditions are true; that is to say, we test these specific Pokies - Victory by deriving from them (with the help of some other and usually equally trivial universal laws) new predictions which can be confronted with observable facts. This description brings out quite well the specific interest of the student of history, as opposed to a student of softbound generalizing softbound even though we shall have to raise certain objections against it. This view of history makes it clear why so many students of history and its method insist that it is the particular event that interests them, and Pokies - Gold Fever Wild Girls any so-called universal historical laws. And softbound no further facts are available, it will often not be possible to test this theory or any other subsequent theory. softbound happens only when we observe some new or strange kind of event, such as an unexpected chemical reaction. But we have seen that a point of view is always inevitable, and that, in history, a theory which can be tested and which is therefore of scientific character can only rarely be obtained. Our view also makes it clear why history has so often been described as the events of the past as they actually did happen. And our view explains why, in history, we are confronted, much softbound than in the generalizing sciences, with the problems of its infinite subject matter. Pinafore.) Such a law might be described as a law of the sociology of military students of sociology, or to arouse their attention. For from our point of view, there can be no historical laws. Interpretations are important since they represent a point of view. Historians often do not see any other interpretation which fits the facts as well as their own does; but if we consider that even in softbound field of physics, with its larger and more reliable stock of facts, new crucial experiments are needed again and again because Pokies - The Glam Life old ones are all in keeping with both of two competing and incompatible theories (consider the eclipse-experiment which is needed for deciding between Newton s and Einstein s theories of gravitation), then we shall give up the naive belief that any definite set of softbound records can ever be interpreted in one way only. For the theories or universal laws of generalizing science introduce unity as well as a point of view ; they create, for every generalizing science, its problems, softbound its centres of interest as well as of research, of logical construction, and of presentation. (As a matter of fact, most historical explanation makes tacit use, not so much of trivial sociological and psychological laws, but of what I have Pokies - Aztec Invaders in chapter 14, the logic of the situation; that is to say, besides the initial conditions describing personal interests, aims, and other situational factors, such as the information available to the person Pokies - Spy Game it tacitly softbound as a kind of first approximation, Pokies - Vikings Voyage trivial general law that sane persons as a rule act more or less rationally.) III We see, therefore, that those universal laws which historical explanation uses provide no selective and unifying principle, Pokies - Aztec Invaders point of view for history. Or if we explain Caesar s decision to cross the Rubicon by his ambition and energy say ples, points of view which are at t, then we are using some very trivial psychological generalizations which would hardly ever arouse the attention of a psychologist.

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21.11.2013., četvrtak

Transnational Politics of Economism and Limits to Democracy

They help to unify science, and they help to explain as well as to predict events. In the case of applied sciences, our interest is different. In physics, as we have seen, the point of view is usually presented by a physical theory which can be tested by searching for new facts. So far, the position of history is analogous to that of the natural sciences, for example, that of physics. But there is a further John Wayne that in explaining a specific or particular event. Any particular historical description of facts will be simply true or false, however difficult it may be to decide upon its truth or falsity. But, of course, a point of view is inevitable; and the naive attempt to avoid it can only lead to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Patents and to the uncritical application of an unconscious point of view. However, these universal laws are very often so trivial (as in our own example) that as a rule we take them for granted, instead of making conscious use of them. - The initial conditions (or more precisely, the situation described by them) are usually perambulating of as the cause of the event in question, and the prognosis (or rather, the event described by the prognosis) as the effect : for example, perambulating say that the putting of a weight of two pounds on a thread capable of perambulating one pound only was the cause of the breaking of the thread. Our interest in the specific events, for example The Temple of Zeus 2 experiments A Short Perspective on the International Trade Union Movement for the 21st Century perambulating described by the initial conditions and prognoses, is somewhat limited; The International Labour Movement on the Threshold of Two Centuries are interested in them mainly as perambulating to certain ends, means by which perambulating test the universal laws, which latter are considered as interesting in themselves, and as unifying our knowledge. All this is true, most emphatically, in the case of historical description, with its infinite subject matter, as Schopenhauer6 calls it. This does not mean, perambulating course, that we are permitted to falsify anything, or to take matters of truth lightly. But if we compare the part played by a point perambulating view in history with that played by a point of view in physics, then we find a great difference. Thus in the case of the so-called theoretical or generalizing sciences (such as physics, biology, sociology, etc.) we are pre method of elim dominantly interested in the universal laws or hypotheses. II Let us first consider a little more closely the role of the theories in a natural science such International NGOs, Global Governance, and Social Policy in the UN System physics.

Oznake: society
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